ABOUT ISRO

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the national space agency of India. It is responsible for designing, developing, launching, and operating space systems and spacecraft. ISRO is headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

ISRO was founded in 1969 by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, who is considered the father of the Indian space program. The agency’s early achievements included the launch of India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975, and the development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), which is India’s workhorse launch vehicle.

In recent years, ISRO has made significant progress in a number of areas, including:

• Launch vehicle development: ISRO has developed a number of launch vehicles, including the PSLV, the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), and the Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV). These launch vehicles have been used to launch a variety of satellites, including communication satellites, remote sensing satellites, and scientific satellites.
• Spacecraft development: ISRO has developed a number of spacecraft, including the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites, the INSAT communication satellites, and the Chandrayaan-1 lunar probe. These spacecraft have been used for a variety of purposes, including Earth observation, communication, and space science.
• Space exploration: ISRO has also made significant progress in space exploration. In 2008, ISRO launched the Chandrayaan-1 lunar probe, which was the first Indian spacecraft to orbit the Moon. In 2014, ISRO launched the Mangalyaan Mars Orbiter Mission, which was the first Indian spacecraft to orbit Mars.

ISRO is a leading space agency in the world. It is known for its cost-effective and innovative approach to space exploration. ISRO is also a major contributor to the global space community. It has signed a number of agreements with other space agencies, such as NASA and the European Space Agency.

ISRO is committed to using space technology for the benefit of humanity. It is involved in a number of projects that are designed to improve the lives of people in India and around the world. These projects include:

• Providing communication services: ISRO’s INSAT communication satellites provide a variety of communication services, including television broadcasting, telecommunications, and disaster management.
• Providing remote sensing data: ISRO’s IRS satellites provide remote sensing data that is used for a variety of purposes, including agriculture, forestry, and disaster management.
• Promoting space science: ISRO is involved in a number of space science projects, such as the Chandrayaan-1 lunar probe and the Mangalyaan Mars Orbiter Mission. These projects are designed to increase our understanding of the universe.

ISRO is a valuable asset to India and the world. It is a leading space agency that is making significant contributions to the global space community. ISRO is committed to using space technology for the benefit of humanity.

Chandrayaan-1

Chandrayaan-1 was the first Indian lunar probe and the first Indian spacecraft to orbit the Moon. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on October 22, 2008, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India.

The mission was designed to study the Moon’s surface, composition, and history. Chandrayaan-1 carried 11 scientific instruments, including a high-resolution camera, a spectrometer, and a radar altimeter.

The mission was a major success. Chandrayaan-1 orbited the Moon for 312 days, mapping its surface in unprecedented detail. The mission also made a number of important scientific discoveries, including the first evidence of water ice on the Moon.

Some of the key achievements of Chandrayaan-1 include

• The first Indian spacecraft to orbit the Moon
• The first spacecraft to produce detailed maps of the Moon’s surface
• The first spacecraft to discover water ice on the Moon
• The first spacecraft to study the Moon’s magnetic field
• The first spacecraft to study the Moon’s gravity field

Chandrayaan-1 was a major milestone in India’s space program. The mission helped to establish India as a leading player in space exploration.

Some of the specific scientific discoveries made by Chandrayaan-1

• The mission discovered that the Moon has a thin atmosphere, composed primarily of hydrogen, helium, and argon.
• The mission found evidence of water ice in the lunar polar regions.
• The mission discovered that the Moon’s crust is much thinner than previously thought.
• The mission found evidence of ancient volcanic activity on the Moon. T- he mission found evidence of past impact craters on the Moon.

Chandrayaan-1’s discoveries have helped to improve our understanding of the Moon’s formation and evolution. The mission has also inspired a new generation of scientists and engineers to pursue careers in space exploration.

Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2 was a lunar exploration mission launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on 22 July 2019. It consisted of an orbiter, lander, and rover. The orbiter is still in operation, but the lander and rover crashed during landing.

The orbiter is carrying eight scientific instruments that are studying the Moon’s surface, composition, and atmosphere. The lander was carrying the Pragyan rover, which was designed to explore the lunar surface.

The mission’s main objective was to map the Moon’s south pole, which is thought to be a potential location for water ice. The mission also aimed to study the Moon’s geology, mineralogy, and evolution.

The orbiter was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 20 August 2019. The lander separated from the orbiter on 2 September 2019 and began its descent to the Moon. However, the lander lost contact with the ground station shortly before it was scheduled to touch down. The rover was also lost in the crash.

The failure of the lander and rover was a disappointment, but the orbiter is still in operation and has been providing valuable data about the Moon. The mission has also been a source of pride for India, and it has helped to raise the country’s profile in the global space community.

Some of the key achievements of the Chandrayaan-2 mission

• The orbiter was successfully inserted into lunar orbit, where it is continuing to study the Moon.
• The orbiter has provided high-resolution images of the Moon’s surface, including the south pole.
• The orbiter has also provided data about the Moon’s composition and atmosphere.
• The Chandrayaan-2 mission was a significant achievement for ISRO and for India. It showed that India is capable of conducting complex and challenging space missions.

Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 is the third lunar mission of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The mission was launched on 14 July 2023, and it successfully soft-landed on the Moon’s southern polar region on 23 August 2023.

The main objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are to:

• Perform a soft landing on the Moon’s southern polar region, which has never been explored by any other spacecraft.
• Study the geology and mineralogy of the Moon’s southern polar region.
• Search for water ice on the Moon.

The spacecraft consists of three main components:

• The Vikram lander, which is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon.
• The Pragyan rover, which will explore the surface of the Moon.
• The Orbiter, which will remain in orbit around the Moon and provide support for the lander and rover.

The Vikram lander successfully soft-landed on the Moon’s southern polar region on 23 August 2023. The Pragyan rover was deployed from the lander on 24 August 2023, and it began exploring the surface of the Moon.

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a significant achievement for ISRO. It is the first time that any country has successfully landed on the Moon’s southern polar region. The mission is also expected to yield important scientific insights about the Moon’s geology, mineralogy, and water ice.

Some of the key achievements of the Chandrayaan-3 mission:

• Successful soft landing on the Moon’s southern polar region
• Deployment of the Pragyan rover
• Collection of data on the Moon’s geology, mineralogy, and water ice

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a major milestone in India’s space exploration program. It is a testament to the skills and dedication of the ISRO team.

15 programming languages that ISRO is expected to use for its 2023 space projects, with a brief description of each language

• C++: C++ is a general-purpose programming language that is known for its efficiency and performance. It is often used for developing low-level software, such as operating systems and embedded systems. C++ is also used for developing mission-critical software for space applications, as it can be used to create reliable and efficient code.
• Python: Python is a general-purpose programming language that is known for its simplicity and readability. It is often used for data analysis, scientific computing, and machine learning. Python is also becoming increasingly popular for developing space applications, as it can be used to create modular and reusable code.
• Java: Java is a general-purpose programming language that is known for its portability and security. It is often used for developing cross-platform applications. Java is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create robust and scalable code.
• Ada: Ada is a high-reliability programming language that is known for its safety and security features. It is often used for developing critical systems, such as avionics software and medical devices. Ada is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create reliable and safe code.
• Fortran: Fortran is a legacy programming language that is known for its performance in scientific computing. It is often used for developing numerical simulations and mathematical models. Fortran is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create efficient and accurate code.
• Rust: Rust is a new programming language that is known for its safety and performance. It is often used for developing low-level software, such as operating systems and embedded systems. Rust is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create reliable and efficient code.
• MATLAB: MATLAB is a numerical computing environment that is known for its powerful mathematical and statistical functions. It is often used for data analysis, scientific computing, and machine learning. MATLAB is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create complex simulations and models.

• Assembly language: Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is used to control the hardware of a computer. It is often used for developing embedded systems and real-time software. Assembly language is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create highly efficient and optimized code.
• Swift: Swift is a modern programming language that is known for its safety and performance. It is often used for developing iOS and macOS applications. Swift is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create reliable and efficient code.
• Lua: Lua is a lightweight scripting language that is known for its flexibility and portability. It is often used for game development and web development. Lua is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create modular and reusable code.
• LabVIEW: LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment that is used for data acquisition, data analysis, and instrument control. It is often used for developing test and measurement systems. LabVIEW is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create user-friendly interfaces for controlling spacecraft.
• R: R is a statistical programming language that is known for its powerful data analysis capabilities. It is often used for data mining, machine learning, and statistical modeling. R is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to create complex statistical models for analyzing data from space missions.
• SQL: SQL is a database query language that is used to manage and query databases. It is often used for data analysis and data mining. SQL is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to access and manipulate data from space missions.
• Verilog: Verilog is a hardware description language that is used to design and simulate electronic circuits. It is often used for developing electronic systems, such as integrated circuits and FPGAs. Verilog is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to design and simulate spacecraft systems.
• Modelica: Modelica is a multi-domain modeling language that is used to model physical systems. It is often used for developing simulations of mechanical, electrical, and thermal systems. Modelica is also used for developing space applications, as it can be used to model spacecraft systems.

These are just some of the programming languages that ISRO is expected to use for its 2023 space projects.

The specific languages that are used will depend on the specific needs of each project. However, the languages listed above are all powerful and versatile languages that can be used for a wide range of tasks in space exploration.